# Clinical interests

> Educational pages on fertility tests, age and fertility, natural conception, IUI, IVF and ICSI, egg freezing, embryo testing, implantation failure and pregnancy loss, with their sources.

Source: https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/  
Updated: 2026-10-13

Fourteen educational pages on the areas of reproductive medicine Dr. Shami works in, arranged in the order fertility care usually follows. Each sets out what is involved and its risks and limits, with the evidence behind it.

Least invasive

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

More involved

1

## Tests

Finding out what is happening, in both partners, before any treatment.

1. [Fertility tests for couplesThe tests for both partners, and what they can and cannot show.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/fertility-tests/)
2. [Age and fertilityHow fertility changes with age in women and men, and what tests can and cannot show.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/age-and-fertility/)
3. [Male fertilitySemen analysis and the basic tests of male fertility.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/male-infertility/)
4. [Semen analysis: the test and the reportPreparing for the test, and how to read what the report shows.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/semen-analysis/)
5. [Preconception healthHealth before pregnancy: weight, folic acid, smoking, alcohol, vaccinations.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/preconception-health/)
6. [Genetic history & testingFamily history, carrier screening and karyotype, and when they matter.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/genetic-testing/)

2

## Natural conception

The least invasive routes, where they are realistic.

1. [Natural conception & ovulation inductionTimed intercourse and medicines that help ovulation.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/natural-conception/)

3

## Assisted reproduction

IUI, IVF, egg freezing and embryo testing: how they work and their risks.

1. [Intrauterine insemination (IUI)How insemination works, who it may suit, and its risks.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/iui/)
2. [IVF & ICSIIn vitro fertilisation and sperm injection, step by step, with their risks.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/ivf-icsi/)
3. [Egg freezingHow eggs are frozen and used later, what the evidence shows, and the limits.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/egg-freezing/)
4. [PGT-A: testing embryos for chromosome numberWhat chromosome testing of embryos can and cannot do.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/pgt-a/)
5. [PGT-M for diagnosed genetic diseasesTesting embryos for a genetic condition the family carries.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/pgt-m/)

4

## When treatment has not worked

Repeated implantation failure and pregnancy loss.

1. [Recurrent implantation failureWhen embryos repeatedly do not implant: what is known and what is not.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/recurrent-implantation-failure/)
2. [Recurrent pregnancy lossRepeated miscarriage: the recommended tests and what they can show.](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/recurrent-pregnancy-loss/)

Fertility tests

## What a first fertility assessment usually covers

A first assessment looks at both partners. This is what it usually includes; the fertility tests page explains each test and its limits.

1. Both partners A history for each partner, tests of ovulation and ovarian reserve, an ultrasound scan, and a semen analysis.
2. Earlier reports Previous test reports, scan reports and treatment summaries help avoid repeating tests.
3. Timed to the cycle Some hormone tests and scans are done on particular days of the menstrual cycle.
4. Findings explained What is normal, what is not, and what the findings may mean for the next step.

[How fertility tests work](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/interests/fertility-tests/)

Conditions

## The conditions behind many fertility questions

Four pages describe common conditions that affect fertility and what is known about them, with sources for each.

[All conditions](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/conditions/)

- [PMOS (formerly PCOS)](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/conditions/pmos-pcos/)
- [Low ovarian reserve](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/conditions/low-ovarian-reserve/)
- [Unexplained infertility](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/conditions/unexplained-infertility/)
- [Endometriosis](https://www.ghinashami.com/en/conditions/endometriosis/)